Victim Blaming By The Canadian Resource Center For Victims...

What is Victim Blaming? Victim blaming is defined by the Canadian Resource Center for Victims of Crime as â€Å"a devaluing act that occurs when the victim of a crime is held responsible †¦ for the crimes that have been committed against them†(2). Victim blaming affects the lives of many, including both men and women. The act of victim blaming can be detrimental in many ways. It can affect the victim’s willingness to come forward and report a crime, it influences how the media and society portrays the victims, and it promotes rape culture; therefore, victims tend to blame themselves, and the offender is less likely to be held responsible. Victim Blaming can be dangerous because victims are less likely to come forward or even report a crime.This is more typical for male victims. According to the Southern Connecticut State University Sexual Assault Facts, â€Å"Men face many of the same barriers as women that prevent them from reporting abuse, but also face a different kind of stigma since many do not believe that men can be victims of dating/domestic violence†(3). Also it is reported that since men are not viewed as victims, that sexual assault against men is extremely under reported. Some forms of victim blaming can come in the form of physical harassment. As reported by the The Canadian Resource Center For Victims of Abuse, â€Å"Victims who receive negative responses and blame tend to experience great distress and are less likely to report future abuse†(5) VictimsShow MoreRelatedIs Sexting Politically Common Among Hormones Driven Teenagers Who Are Becoming More Sexually Adults?1932 Words   |  8 Pa gesvictimized. Victims of sexting scandals may be exploited and publicly humiliated if their messages are abused or misdirected. In the case where a minor is involved, the act of sexting may lead to serious criminal consequences. Both the minor and the recipient may be convicted of a felony and charged with the possession, distribution, or receipt of child pornography (Jaishankar, 2009). Additionally, those who fall victim to sexting scandals may also be at risk of victim-blaming and victim-shaming. BothRead MoreHunyango Sa Bato - Abdon Balde Jr.6135 Words   |  25 Pagesmaintain control  over the victim. Abusers use many tactics to exert power over their spouse or partner: dominance,  humiliation,  isolation,threats,  intimidation,  denial  and  blame.[38] Physical Physical abuse  is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm. Physical abuse includes hitting, slapping, punching, choking, pushing, burning and other types of contact that result in physical injury to the victim. 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In 1923, Burmah employed future Prime Minister,  Winston Churchill  as a paid consultant; to lobby the British government to allow APOC have exclusive rights to  Persian  oil resources, which were successfully granted.[18]  In 1925, TPC received concession in theMesopotamian oil resources  from the  Iraqi government  under British mandate. TPC finally struck oil in Iraq on 14 October 1927. In 1928, the APOCs shareholding in TPC, which by now named  Iraq Petroleum Company  (IPC), wouldRead MoreBp 7s Analysis10000 Words   |  40 Pagesthe  Ottoman government. In 1923, Burmah employed future Prime Minister,  Winston Churchill  as a paid consultant; to lobby the British government to allow APOC have exclusive rights to  Persian  oil resources, which were successfully granted.[18]  In 1925, TPC received concession in theMesopotamian oil resources  from the  Iraqi government  under British mandate. TPC finally struck oil in Iraq on 14 October 1927. 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A coalition government is often times consideredRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagestextbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalizeRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesmarket-leading international management text. Specifically, v vi Preface this edition has the following chapter distribution: environment (three chapters), culture (four chapters), strategy (four chapters), and organizational behavior/human resource management (three chapters). 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Analysing the change in the role of the management accountant Free Essays

This work is focused on critically measuring the doggedness of the alteration in the function of the direction comptroller from traditional accounting maps to that of a strategic contriver and concern spouse. The work of Johnson and Kaplan ( 1987 ) , titled â€Å" Relevance doomed † has prompted a drill-down on this research country. Though most of the research workers agree to the altering function of the direction comptroller ( Burns and Baldvinsdottir, 2005 ; Cooper and Dart 2009 ; Allot 2000 ; Chenhall and Langfield-Smith2007 ; Siegel1999 ; Kerby and Romine 2005 ; Vaivio1999 ; Ittner and Lacker2001 ; Ax and Bjornenak 2007 ; Bhimani 2006 ; Roslender and Hart 2002 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Analysing the change in the role of the management accountant or any similar topic only for you Order Now The importance the traditional function still remains critical to others, and should function to complement the new techniques or the alteration. ( Bromwich and Bhimani 1998 ; Burns et Al. 1999 ) . Others are of the position that history is still a relevant portion of the hereafter or the altering tendency. ( Fleischman and Funnell 2006 ; Luft 1997 ; Beaman and Richardson2007 ) .The type of organisation every bit good as the direction may besides find the nature of alteration. Yazdifar and Tsamenyi ( 2005 ) . This alteration does non take the same signifier in organisations, but differs in form. Sulaiman and Mitchell ( 2005 ) . With the present economic miasma, some research workers are even recommending a return to the old ways: the traditional function, ( Baldvinsdottir et al ( 2009 ) . The first subdivision of this work will therefore reexamine these positions presented and seek to pull a comparing between these positions to see if the function of the direction comptroller has really changed and to what extent. This will be done pulling support from literatures. It will instantly be followed with some of the new roles the direction comptroller is taking up in organisations. Thereafter the place of traditional accounting pattern in this new tendency of events will be discussed. This will enable us to cognize where to put the traditional accounting function, whether it has lost its utility and should be wholly cast-off or should function to congratulate the new functions. Following to that, some of the new techniques in direction accounting that organisations are following, the factors that are driving the alteration in function every bit good as their significance to the new function will be discussed. Decisions will so be drawn as to the direction comptroller ‘s functions change. The altering function of the direction comptroller. Johnson and Kaplan ( 1987 ) are deemed to hold set the canvas in this statement with their book titled â€Å" Relevance lost: the rise and autumn of direction accounting. † These strong footings used by them has prompted or necessitated a batch of research work in this way. They argue that the bing signifier of direction accounting lacked the know-how to run into up with the dynamic concern environment. Their statement was supported by mentioning technological promotions, information engineering, every bit good as planetary and domestic competition as grounds doing the bing patterns inadequate. Harmonizing to an article published in the Journal of Accountancy ( Most Companies Want Their Certified public accountant to Be Business Strategists, Survey Says, 1996 ) , much more is now being demanded of the direction comptrollers within organisations. Their occupations are traveling beyond the readying of fiscal statements as accounts and reading are now required of them of the information they provide. The direction comptroller is consequently a â€Å" high-ranking determination support specializer † . Kerby and Romine ( 2005 ) argue that for direction comptrollers to stay a relevant portion of their organisations, there must be a alteration in accent from the traditional accounting patterns which involves the numeration, analysis, reading and presentation of fiscal information. They advocate that the direction comptroller should be versed with cognition about alterations impacting the concern of his organisation and imbibe qualities that would enable them map as fully fledged concern spouses. Smith ( 2007 ) opined that the focal point of the direction comptroller within organisations is now switching to the external environment. That the direction comptroller is no more uniformed of what happens externally to his organisation, He now looks both inwards and outwards. Cooper and Dart ( 2009 ) , give support to this position that, direction comptrollers are traveling from being information suppliers to back uping the determination devising. Siegel ( 1999 ) , noted that direction comptrollers were earlier now non involved in the existent decision-making procedure, but acted in support of the determination shapers and subsequently got informed of facts. But the function of the direction comptroller had changed and greater portion of their clip was being spent as internal advisers or concern analyst within their companies. Like most of the other authors he attributes this altering function to the promotion in engineering which he states has freed the direction comptroller from what he describes as â€Å" mechanical accounting † . He stated that the new function of the direction comptroller now involves a batch of direct contacts with people throughout their organisations, and that they are more involved in determination devising and cross-functional squads. This he termed development from functioning internal clients to being concern spouses. The direction comptroller as strategic contriver and concern spouse. The cardinal message of this work has been on the direction comptroller presuming the function of strategic contriver and concern spouse as opposed to the traditional function of corporate bull and bean counter. The direction comptroller ‘s function has evolved and is determining up into a strategic fiscal contriver and director of information. The direction comptroller is said to be holding less to make with the everyday accounting pattern. ( Siegel 2000, Cooper and Dart, 2009, Latshaw, A. and Choi, Y. , 2000 ) . New countries of focal point of the direction accountant include the development of fiscal programs, information engineering systems direction, assisting in the formation of concern aims every bit good as monitoring consequences and maintaining up with selling aims. Others are direction and organisation of work force, playing consultative function in operational determinations, programmes and undertakings. ( Feeney and Pierce, 2007 ) . For the direction comptroller to work efficaciously as concern spouse, certain accomplishments must be acquired. This will include the quality of analysing and treating unwritten and numeral informations into meaningful information. This should be buttressed by the ability to work efficaciously in a squad. ( Curruth, 2004 ) As concern spouse, the direction comptroller combines both the traditional function of protecting the assets of the concern with a new function of analysis and engagement in determination devising in the concern disposal. ( Kennedy and Sorensen, 2006 ) . Caron ( 2006 ) , defined stairss that should be taken for the direction comptroller to presume the place of a concern spouse. They include: Acting as operation and cognition expert. He/she should be able to supply best pattern information and strategic accomplishments. Should be able to set to pattern the cognition acquired in developing strategic direction programs. He/she should be able to mobilise the human resources at his disposal. He/she should be able to circulate accounting information efficaciously. Management accounting the place of the traditional function. Although Johnson and Kaplan ( 1987 ) opined that the traditional accounting function of the direction comptroller had lost its value and have argued that it is no more relevant to the dynamism of today ‘s universe, non everyone believe their sentiment is best for direction accounting, and have therefore expressed their reserves. ( Bromich and Bhimani 1989 ; Burns et Al 1999 ; Yazdifar and Tsamenyi 2005 ) . Baldvinsdottir et Al. ( 2009 ) are of the sentiment that a return to the traditional or â€Å" mechanical † accounting methods is of great importance particularly at this period of economic down-turn. They argue that although the ballyhoo about the altering function of the direction comptroller, a batch of the traditional accounting function has comparatively remained the same over several decennaries. Luft ( 1997 ) is of the position that history serves as a platform for understanding the present ; that the oversights of the nowadays could really be alleviated by mentioning back to history. Fleischman and Funnell ( 2006 ) , while holding with Johnson and Kaplan, that it is of import that direction accounting studies provide direction with information that will help them in minimising cost and improved productiveness, argue that although these activities are frontward looking, they have to be based on what they described as â€Å" intimate dependance between the past and future † . They insist this is necessary because of the uncertainnesss and instabilities associated with commercial environments, coupled with the intricatsies of direction. That, direction comptrollers in the class of seeking to do the information they provide more utile to their organisations should bear in head that this should be done in observation of necessary ethical issues. Beaman and Richardson ( 2007 ) found out in their research that accounting patterns within organisations are being confined to the traditional function, alternatively of the expected function of determination support and job resolution. There has been the recognition of the broad usage of traditional accounting techniques in most organisations as opposed to the supposed outlook of radically new advanced accounting techniques being adopted by these organisations. ( Burns and Scapens, 2000 ) . Emerging techniques in direction accounting. Some comparatively new trends/techniques have emerged with the purpose of undertaking the insufficiencies of the traditional accounting methods. Some of them have been lauded as the new title-holders of direction accounting solution suppliers in organisations. ( Cooper and Kaplan, 1991 ) . Although these techniques are extremely praised, their acceptance and execution may non hold been as widely accepted as the ballyhoo associated with them. ( Collier and Gregory, 1995 ; Roslender and Hart, 2003 ) . These techniques include: Activity based costing ( ABC ) ; The coming of ABC has changed the pattern of cost allotment necessitating that direction accountants develop more analytical accomplishment to undertake the complexnesss of apportioning operating expenses to different cost objects utilizing cost drivers. ( Burns and Yazdifar, 2001 ; Byrne and Pierce, 2007 ; Anderson, 1995 ) . ABC made the direction comptroller an indispensable portion of the determination doing procedure by concentrating on pertinent information needed to better steadfast public presentation financially and market wise. ( Kennedy and Affleck-Graves, 2001 ) . Kaplan and Anderson ( 2004 ) nevertheless noted that organisations have abandoned ABC because of its failure to capture the complex nature of their operations, the holds of execution and the cost consequence which are normally excessively expensive. Balanced scorecard ( BSC ) : The balanced scorecard enables the direction comptroller to strategically mensurate public presentation and develop a model for the strategic measuring and direction systems ( Kaplan and Norton, 2007 ) . It changes accent from fiscal facet to encompassing client, internal and every bit good as acquisition and growing factors of organisations. ( Kaplan and Norton, 1996 ) . This has altered the function of the direction accountant puting him strategically as a determination support specializer. ( Latshaw and Choi, 2002 ) . BSCs are adopted by houses for strategic public presentation measuring, but the result of these steps is normally developed to encompass operational scheme, nevertheless it was noted that organisations frequently fail in seeking to set BCS into a peculiar usage ( Wiersma, 2009 ) . Atkinson ( 2006 ) noted that the BSC has been found deficient from empirical consequences of its benefits. Strategic direction accounting: Strategic direction accounting ( SMA ) : SMA shifts the focal point of direction comptroller to non-financial factors external to the organisation. ( Simmonds,1981 ) . It demands that the direction comptroller be knowing in subjects like public presentation indexs development, value concatenation analysis every bit good as capacity cost direction. It broadens the range of the direction accountant beyond the house to strategizing for competitory market and chances. ( Whiteley, 1995 ) . SMA requires the direction comptroller as a member of the cross functional squad which his function now embraces to convey to bear relevant information and expertness that will help determination devising. ( Roslender and Hart, 2001 ) . The direction comptroller now addresses the impact of other non-financial activities, the cost place of rivals, and rating of rival merchandises and services. These activities have placed the direction comptroller in the important function of strategic contriver and conc ern spouse. ( Whiteley, 1995 ; Langfield-Smith, 2008 ) . However, Roslender and Hart ( 2003 ) , noted that what constitutes strategic direction accounting is still non clearly defined. Collier and Gregory, ( 1995 ) opined that the degree of execution of strategic direction accounting may postpone in different economic systems. That is, the economic system determines the scheme and functionality of the direction comptrollers. Enterprise resource planning ( ERP ) : ERP requires the direction comptroller to hold sound cognition that will enable him to supply information that will technically run into the demands of the house. It besides demands that the MA be versed with cognition of concern maps related to production, selling and information engineering. For the direction comptroller to acquire traveling with all these maps, he needs to construct a sound inter-personal and societal accomplishments. ( Barton, 2009 ; Pierce and O’Dea, 2003 ) . It may nevertheless cut down occupations, making unemployment. Enterprise resource planning ( ERP ) : enables the direction comptroller to track â€Å" production by occupation, work centre, and activity † ( Zimmerman, 2009:720 ) . However, respondents to research carried out by Knnerley and Neely ( 2001 ) were non certain the debut of ERP to their organisations had made any noticeable impact. Factors driving the alteration in the function of direction accounting. The utility of direction accounting has come under examination following factors like: mechanization of mill procedures and processs, information engineering, competition, and globalisation, complexness of concern among others. Some of these factors and their significance will be discussed briefly. Information Technology: ( Carruth, 2004 ; Beaman and Richardson, 2007 ) , noted that information engineering has enabled direction comptrollers to take more responsible functions in their organisations. The direction comptroller is now able to salvage clip in his analysis and reading of information. The direction comptroller helps in showing informations in a signifier that makes them relevant and utile for managerial intent. This involves strategizing and being involved in the determination devising procedure. Granlund, M. and Malmi, T. ( 2002 ) It has changed the nature of information and placed determination doing on information provided by the direction comptroller. ( Atkinson et al. 1999 ) . Automation ; requires the direction comptroller to develop more analytical accomplishments and to be able to supply such information that will enable houses take determinations and follow such schemes that will assist them remain in competition. ( Kerremans et al. , 1991 ) . Automation is advantageous in take downing labor cost, but may make occupation losingss. ( Mantripragada and Sweeney, 1981 ) . Other factors: Other noteworthy factors driving the function alteration in direction accounting include ; the accent on quality, rational capital, more client focused organisations, addition in overhead cost, less of direct labor cost, and precedence on environmental and external issues. These factors have helped orient the direction comptroller ‘s function to that of a strategic contriver and a concern spouse. The direction comptroller now takes a more proactive function in cognizing and supplying solutions to strategic issues in his organisation. The issue of competitory concern environment which is closely related to globalisation is another major factor impacting the manner direction accounting maps are handled in organisations. Decision Although there have been demands for the alteration in accent on the function of direction comptroller, this alteration has non been absolute. This is because the cost and complexness of using these new techniques have made their acceptance slow. The debut of new techniques in direction accounting and the impact of assorted factors have made the direction comptroller more focussed on non-financial facets of organisations and has widened the range of activities external to the organisation, doing him a utile portion of the determination devising procedure. However recent issues ‘ following the economic downswing has suggested keeping of portion of the traditional function in combination with new techniques might be more utile. ( Balvinsdottir et al. , July/Aug. 2009 ) Furthermore, the importance of these new techniques and the benefit they provide to organisations can non be overemphasized. These new inventions have made the direction comptroller more flexible, a solution supplier and an of import portion of the organisation as concern spouse and strategian, reconstructing relevancy. ( Johnson, 1992 ) . It is notable that though many are the advantages of implementing these new techniques, some organisations still stick to traditional accounting because it is less complex to implement, salvaging clip. How to cite Analysing the change in the role of the management accountant, Essay examples

legal action against National Indore Stadium †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the legal action against National Indore Stadium. Answer: Issue Whether Andrew and Bob can initiate any legal action against National Indore Stadium Rules A contract is an agreement between two or more parties, the terms of which affects the respective rights and obligations of the parties to the contract, which are enforceable in the court of law. The rights and obligations of contracting parties are determined by establishing the terms and interpreting such terms (Poole 2016). After determining the contract, the court applies the objective test for interpreting the meaning of such terms. The terms of a contract includes warranties, conditions or innominate (intermediate) terms. It is essential to classify the terms to determine, in the event of a breach of the contract, whether the innocent party may discharge or terminate the contract. Conditions, warranties and other innominate terms are three essential terms of the contract, but the level of significance of these categories differs with conditions being the most important contractual terms and warranties being the least important contractual terms. Condition refers to the terms that the parties to the contract must perform as they are essential terms. If a party fails to perform a condition, the other party is entitled to cease the contract. When a breach of a condition is established, the innocent party may both cease the contract and initiate legal proceedings against the breaching party or the innocent party continues to perform his/her contractual obligations but claim damages. The party may pursue other remedies against the infringing party such as specific performance or injunctions (McKendrick 2014). A warranty refers to the terms that are considered as less important terms of the contract. In case of a breach of warranty, the innocent party may claim damages for the loss suffered but the party is not permitted to end the contract. Innominate terms are contractual terms which, if is considered as an important term, the breach of which would be so serious that it might deprive the innocent party of the entire benefit that he was entitled to receive from the contract, the innocent party may terminate the contract (Poole 2016). If the term is considered as less important term, the breach of which shall not deprive the innocent party of the benefits that he was entitled to receive from the contract, the innocent party may not end the contract. The party may claim damages for the loss suffered and obtain other remedies such as specific performance. There is another form of contractual terms in a contract, which is known as the exclusion clause that aims at exempting a contractual party of his liabilities. In Singapore, the exclusion clause is incorporated in the Unfair Contract Terms Act (UCTA). The exclusion clause may be incorporated in the unsigned documents such as notice or a ticket. Under such circumstances, sufficient and reasonable notice of the existence of the exclusion clause should be provided. There are three essential requirements that fulfill this requirement, which are as follows: The clause must be provided in the contractual document that is, a document where any prudent person would assume to include contractual terms as was held in Parker v SE Railway Co [1877] 2 CPD 416 and Chappleton v Barry UDC [1940]. The existence of the exclusion clause must be brought to the knowledge of the other party before or at the time when the person is entering into a contract as was ruled in Olley v Marlborough Court [1949] 1 KB 532; Reasonably sufficient notice of the clause must be provided and actual notice is not required as was observed in the Thompson v LMS Railway [1930] 1 KB 41; In contract law, there is a common proposition that once a ticket or document is handed to a ticket and the person retains the same, it is considered that such person is bound by the terms of the ticket (Hunter 2017). It is immaterial whether such person has read the terms or not as the ticket becomes equivalent to a signed document. However, in McCutchon v MacBrayne [1964] 1 WLR 125, it was held that where there has been previous and consistent course of dealing between the contractual parties on the same terms, the exclusion clause may e incorporated. However, in Parker v the South Eastern Railway Co [1877], there has been the exclusion clause has been subjected to two essential restrictions. Firstly, if the recipient of the ticket is aware of the fact that there were some writings on the ticket and was also acknowledged with the terms and conditions incorporated in the ticket, the recipient shall become bound by such terms of eh contract. Secondly, in case the recipient as not aware of the fact that there were terms and conditions written on the ticket, the court shall determine whether a reasonable person would have been aware of such terms and conditions on the ticket. Application On the facts here, Andrew and Bob went to the ticket counter where they were handed over with the ticket to the concert. While they were at the counter, they notice some yellow posters stuck to the side of the counter and Andrew noticed terms and conditions but did not think to check out the posters. On the day of concert, the security of the venue (NIS) was ineffective due to ineffective security personnel. Suddenly, a group of fans rushed forward in an attempt to get closer to the band. The fans ended up pushing some of the persons who were present in the concert. Andrew and Bob were some of them who were pushed by the group of fans and consequently, they sustained physical injuries on their faces and elbows. However, after the concert they noticed on the back of their concert tickets where neither NIS nor the Promoter shall take responsibility or accept any liability for any form of injuries. NIS or the promoter shall not be liable for any personal injuries or accidents that may arise during the event or due to the negligence on part of the promoter or NIS, the ticket holder attending the event shall be responsible for the same. In the given scenario, the ticket holder should have informed Andrew and Bob about the terms and conditions that was written at the back of the ticket as it is an exclusion clause. As stated in Olley v Marlborough Court [1949], the existence of the exclusion clause must be informed to other party before or at the time when the person is entering into a contract. Further, in Parker v the South Eastern Railway Co [1877], there is a restriction that in case the recipient is unaware of the terms and conditions written on the ticket, the court shall determine whether a reasonable person would have been aware of such terms and conditions on the ticket. Andrew and Bob noticed the posters at the side of the counter where he saw terms and conditions but since there have not been previous and consistent course of dealing between them and the ticker holder, it was his responsibility to acknowledge them about the terms and conditions that were written at the back of the ticket. Furthermore, the terms written at the back of the ticker was essential term amounting to condition, the breach of which shall entitle the innocent party to claim damages for the injuries sustained due to such breach. Conclusion Hence, Andrew and Bob are entitled to bring legal action against NIS on the ground of breach of essential contractual terms and failing to acknowledge them with the exclusion clause. References Chappleton v Barry UDC [1940]. Hunter, H., 2017. Modern Law of Contracts. McCutchon v MacBrayne [1964] 1 WLR 125 McKendrick, E., 2014.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Olley v Marlborough Court [1949] 1 KB 532 Parker v SE Railway Co [1877] 2 CPD 416 and Chappleton v Barry UDC [1940]. Poole, J., 2016.Textbook on contract law. Oxford University Press. Thompson v LMS Railway [1930] 1 KB 41;

Why Philosophy Essays - Belief, Humanities, Philosophy, Thought

Why Philosophy? Why Philosophy? Aaron R. Nino Religion Philosophy is simply his effort to avoid doing this in the dark, says Robert Johann. He is referring to using his freedom to take his personal stand on everything and be responsible for the stand he takes. So what then is Philosophy? Is it to throw some light on the meaning of life as a whole, to give man some idea of what he is about. You could say so. But understanding the positive side of philosophy might just seem impossible! Philosophy is for you, the thinker to involve himself on his own free response. It is not only meant to take a standpoint involving looking deeper, past the outward appearance of the proposed question. A philosophical view is judged over and over again, until you ultimately end up having to judge yourself. To me philosophy is a way to interpret things that sometimes seem like there is no apparent answer. Although Philosophy is supposed to mean interpretation some perceive it as a na?ve way to pursue wisdom. Now people of the new age are posed with the deep impending question of its future. Is there a future for Philosophy? Many think not. And that is only because some people cannot open their minds to unexplainable views about the way life sometimes is perceived. Although philosophy may consist to you as some what of a religion to believe or impede in, it also represents the hopes and praises of all. Poetry Essays

Free Essays on Pediatric Strokes

Pediatric Stroke A pediatric stroke is a life threatening event in which part of the brain is deprived of oxygen. Strokes can occur in children of all ages. It can even occur in the fetus. (Pathak 2000 p.1) Children are much less likely to have a stroke than older adults. (Behrman, Kliegman, Jenson 2000) They are at higher risk for a stroke if they have congenital heart disease, sickle cell anemia, or a wide variety of other conditions and possible traumas. Although children suffering a stroke will have similar signs as an adult, it takes the family longer to realize what is going on. Adult symptoms of a stroke are sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body, sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or understanding, trouble seeing in one or both eyes, trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination, severe headache with no known causes. When a pediatric stoke is treated as soon as possible, the child has a significantly greater chance of a voiding permanent medical affects, such as cerebral palsy or paralysis on one side of the body. Dr. Mayank Pathak states that â€Å"there are two major categories of strokes. These are ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic or bleeding strokes†(2000 p.2). The most common type is the ischemic stroke, which is caused by a prolonged lack of oxygen-rich blood to the brain. Dr. Pathak has concluded that ischemic strokes are usually associated with disorders that promote the clotting of blood or cause inflammation of the arteries, which in turn promotes clotting within them† (2000 p.3). Dr. Pathak also states that the â€Å"second Pediatric Stroke 3 type of stroke is a hemorrhagic. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain breaks open or develops a hole in its wall through which blood begins to leak directly into the brain tissue or into the clear liquid which surround the brain and fills its central cavities† (2000 p. 3). Symptoms of an is... Free Essays on Pediatric Strokes Free Essays on Pediatric Strokes Pediatric Stroke A pediatric stroke is a life threatening event in which part of the brain is deprived of oxygen. Strokes can occur in children of all ages. It can even occur in the fetus. (Pathak 2000 p.1) Children are much less likely to have a stroke than older adults. (Behrman, Kliegman, Jenson 2000) They are at higher risk for a stroke if they have congenital heart disease, sickle cell anemia, or a wide variety of other conditions and possible traumas. Although children suffering a stroke will have similar signs as an adult, it takes the family longer to realize what is going on. Adult symptoms of a stroke are sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body, sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or understanding, trouble seeing in one or both eyes, trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination, severe headache with no known causes. When a pediatric stoke is treated as soon as possible, the child has a significantly greater chance of a voiding permanent medical affects, such as cerebral palsy or paralysis on one side of the body. Dr. Mayank Pathak states that â€Å"there are two major categories of strokes. These are ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic or bleeding strokes†(2000 p.2). The most common type is the ischemic stroke, which is caused by a prolonged lack of oxygen-rich blood to the brain. Dr. Pathak has concluded that ischemic strokes are usually associated with disorders that promote the clotting of blood or cause inflammation of the arteries, which in turn promotes clotting within them† (2000 p.3). Dr. Pathak also states that the â€Å"second Pediatric Stroke 3 type of stroke is a hemorrhagic. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain breaks open or develops a hole in its wall through which blood begins to leak directly into the brain tissue or into the clear liquid which surround the brain and fills its central cavities† (2000 p. 3). Symptoms of an is...

Breast Cancer : A Common Cancer

Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in the world. Even though each patient’s condition is different, breast cancer with the same stage tend to have outlooks that are similar to each other, and they are often treated the same way (1). Like other cancers, breast cancer is ordered by stages according to the size of the tumor and how far the cancer has spread. Pathology reports will incorporate information about the stage of the breast cancer. That is, whether it†¦ 7, 2014 Breast cancer in women Breast cancer in women For the purpose of this assignment, I chose breast cancer as it is very common and second leading cause of death among cancers in United States, after heart disease. However, due to the improvement in drugs, technology, early detection and better understanding on the disease, the rates are declining as compare to the past. Some of the common risk factors that can results in breast cancer are women’s age, history of breast cancer, presence†¦ Cancer has been around for a longtime, but breast cancer has become more prevalent in the past ten years, and the second leading cause of death in women. Although breast cancer is a more common factor for women, men can also have breast cancer. However, the survival rate of men is less than that of women with breast cancer. There are different types of breast cancer, however; Ductal Carcinoma Cancer is the most common type of noninvasive breast cancer women experience. The American Cancer Society†¦ Breast cancer is the 2nd most common, occurring cancer in women. By exploring the pathophysiology of breast cancer, one will understand the causes and be able to educate women on how to reduce the risk associated with breast cancer. Concept, System, Anatomy, and Physiology Breast cancer falls under the concept of cellular regulation. The main body system that is affected by breast cancer is the reproductive system. Breast cancer is defined as the unregulated growth of abnormal cells in the breast†¦ Problem With breast cancer awareness month recently passing, breast cancer is getting more attention than it ever was every year. Breast cancer is so prevalent that it is the most common type of cancer among women other than skin cancer. A disease of this caliber has proven to deserve the awareness it is spreading. Breast cancer is developed from harmful tumor cells that occur in the breast. Normally, cells are multiplied appropriately to differentiation, cell division, and growth†¦ Every minutes a woman dies of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Every year, invasive breast cancer is diagnosed in many women alone. Doctors have not been able to find the cure yet. But thanks to nonprofit charities, such as the Susan G. Komen, researchers are receiving enough money that is donated to breast cancer to look deeper and try to find ways to cure and to help prevent such a fatal disease. Early detection of breast cancer helps prevent fatalities among†¦ IORT II. Problem: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer for women. It is when there is a lump in the breast that contains cancer cells. Some lumps do not contain cancer cells though. The doctor will have to diagnose someone with breast cancer. Breast cancer is one of the top ten leading causes of death in females. Even males can get breast cancer. At least 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year. In 2011 40,000 women died of breast cancer. Breast cancer is genetic. That†¦ Cancer occurs as a result of mutations in the genes responsible for regulating the growth of cells and keeping them healthy. Normally, the cells in our bodies replace themselves , healthy new cells take over as old ones die out but, over time, mutations can â€Å"turn on† certain genes and â€Å"turn off† others in a cells. That changed cell gains the ability to keep dividing without control or order, producing more cells like it and forming a tumor. Breast cancer refers to a malignant tumor that has†¦ women with breast cancer since 1895 (x-ray) 1956 (ultrasound) 1977 (MRI), and 1992 (mammogram). They have all been very beneficial to women. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. About one of three cancers are diagnosed. Cancer is a group of diseases that cause cells in the body to change and grow out of control. Most cancers will form a lump or mass in the breast, which is called a tumor. It is named after a part of the body where the tumor originates. Breast cancer begins in†¦ Abstract Breast cancer remains the most common type of cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. It is the second most common cancer death with lung cancer being the first. African American women have a higher incidence of dying from the disease than any other race or ethnical group. For many years, it was thought that this was due to African American women not having access to the same health benefits as those of other races and that it was often found at a more advanced state. Though there†¦

Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information Technology - Essay Example IBM markets and manufactures hardware along with software and involved in delivering other services such as infrastructure development that include nanotechnology and mainframe computers. The company was established in the year 1911 with the merger between three companies namely International Time Recording Company, Tabulating Machine Company and the Computing Scale Company (IBM, 2013). Specially mentioning, integration towards technological aspects is duly considered to be one of the decisive aspects for any business and IBM being one of the most renowned companies widely utilizes this particular concept. In this regard, integration is often viewed as one of the most cost-effective ways through which Information Technology (IT) is able to add commercial value to various enterprises. Over the years, numerous companies have spent end number of dollars for the primary objective of developing solutions in order to solve business problems (Bussler, 2003). In this respect, the essay will develop a problem along with a purpose statement about the evaluation of technology integration in IBM. Additionally, a model representing the efforts that could be made by the company in order to integrate its technologies to improve performance will also be included. For the purpose of determining the most effective integration strategies, the essay will follow up appropriate recommendations for integrating technologies to improve overall organizational performance. ... The organization possesses a special sort of technology named as Integrated Technology Services (ITS) that are backed by IBM processes, proprietary tools along with assets that ensure a dynamic IT infrastructure, catering to the requirements of the organization towards accomplishing its expected business targets. IBM delivers a broad array of infrastructure services such as build, design, maintenance, consulting and management that are intended to assist the organization while providing technological support (Taylor, 2004; IBM, 2013). Information Technology is regarded as one of the most booming industries in today’s business landscape. With the advent of modern technologies, the demands of consumers are rising by a considerable extent. It can be viewed that the consumers nowadays seem to be attached with procuring digitalized products and thus, each of the product needs to be manufactured as per the requirements of the modern day technological savvy individuals (Gurstein, 200 7). In relation to these aspects, IBM has been able to fulfill the requirements of the customers through performing effective technological integration within the organization. However, the overall IT based industry is filled with several challenges. In this context, the evaluation of technology integration within IBM provided certain factors that may pose adverse implications in near future. It has been realized that the organization follows technological integration procedure in a diversified way. However, it has also been realized that the organization does not make much efforts to tackle future business uncertainties. Numerous business issues may come into play and amongst these, IBM often face the problem of increased level of business

Petroleum Economic and Oil field management 2013-2014 Essay

Petroleum Economic and Oil field management 2013-2014 - Essay Example Secondly, the natural gas industry requires a firm that has financial muscle to produce the natural gas because it is an expensive venture. Such a firm will have excessive power to dominate control, and regulation initiatives even from governments especially if it is a multinational company. The natural gas industry mainly operates through pipeline transportation and distribution aspects, which are naturally monopolistic because they are characterized by high fixed costs and long lead time making duplication uneconomical. This creates a wide barrier to entry for potential participants and competitors. They also require price and non-price regulation. Without effective regulation, the natural gas industry can develop into a natural monopoly. In fact, price regulations sometimes fail to control the prices because such prices depend on various factors such as production costs, inflation and transportation costs among others (DiLorenzo, 1996:45). In situations where governments run the natural gas industry, the industry turns to state monopoly such as in Mexico. The Mexican government introduced a program of reform in 1988. However, it was until 1995 that reform in natural gas industry began to include private companies. However, before this, state owned firms controlled the industry making it a monopoly. In fact, even after the entrance of private firms state owned firms still ruled the market making it a state monopoly (Joskow, 2007:1227). Q1 represents entire size of the market. Point E1 is the equilibrium that cooresponds to quantity at Q1 and determines the price at P1. Thus, when there is one firm only producing natural gas, the marginal cost of supply is P1 and is lower than the duopoly price P2. Thus, the presence of one firm in the market will be price efficient compared to two firms. If the natural gas industry

The Impact of Technology on Todays Society Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Technology on Todays Society Essay â€Å"How has technology changed our lives? † Throughout the years we have been experiencing a dramatic change in the world of technology. IPhone’s, Blackberries, and laptops are becoming an important part of our daily lives. We are all so dependent on these devices that sometimes we treat them as if it is part of our family. Technology has become a priority for many people, and it is likely that people with choose technology over many other things. Although technology has made life easier for us and more convenient, there are several ways in which it has damaged the quality of our life. First, technology has a negative impact on our social life; second, technology takes over our free time; and finally, technology has negatively changed the way we learn. In the twentieth century technology is definitely something that the world cant live without. We can never put an end to the development of technology, but people should consider the massive amount of damage this wonderful creation is putting upon us. People are starting to become dependent and emotionally attached to these technological devices. It is becoming very difficult for today’s generation to spend a few hours, or even minutes without the usage of technology. These sorts of desperations towards technology changed people’s social lives. Though they have created social networking websites such as â€Å"Facebook†, It is not an effective way to communicate with people, simply because conversations are very vague. Communication is talking to friends in person, not texting them, or talking to them online. The computer is like a wall between you and the real person that you just cannot get through when you are texting. People who tend to communicate with others on the computer and talk to their friends over instant messaging or texting surely do not know the meaning of socializing. Even though some may be very shy, the technology will give them even less confidence to go out and socialize with people with real people. Roy McGregor (2012) analyzes the negative impact of technology on our lives and he states â€Å"We are physically short of breath, emotionally short of tranquility, and relationally short of hours required to focus on the people most important to us† (p. 149). People tend to spend more time using technology rather than connecting with their families and friends. Starting a long detailed conversation with someone in person is almost impossible, simply because there is not enough to talk about, and people are adjusted to quick way of talking through text messaging. A couple of years ago families setting around the dining table and talking about their day was a normal routine, but that is no longer the case for most families, since there are portable devices that could be taken any where, even the dining table! Technology has departed families and friends, taking away the attention we deserve from people who are important to us. Furthermore, technology is taking over our free time. People are always busy using their â€Å"Time saving devices† (McGregor, 2012, p. 148) when it is actually destroying their time, even when they are free. Whether we are at school, work, or at home there is always something to do on the Internet, or on T. V. There are many activities that people could consider doing on their free time, for example out door activities, but people choose technology because it is becoming a number one source of amusement. In the â€Å"Embraced as a Time Saver, Technology Has seduced us into Giving up so Much† article, the author states the following: â€Å"What these devices have done, he argues it squeeze what used to be free time down to practically nothing† (McGregor, 2012, p. 149). According to McGregorwhat used to be considered as free time is now being taken over by technology. Today’s young generation is being affected the most by this era of technological devices. If the world of technology continues to be used in a non-effective way the future generations may suffer a lot from this in terms of this addiction towards technology. Decreasing the unnecessary usage of technology might actually improve the quality of an individual’s life, by allowing them to make time for more exciting activities, and creating a better life for them selves and the future generations. Technology has changed the way people gain knowledge. We don’t read books as much as before, because the information that is being provided on the web is only a click away. Our relationship with the Internet has impacted the way we read information that is being provided to us. Reading is becoming a difficult task for many people, because it is hard to stay focused and read a page, without the flashy colors of the computer screen. In the article â€Å" What the Internet is doing to our Brains† the author states, â€Å"Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages. I get fidgety, lose the thread, and begin looking for something else to do† (Carr, 2009, p. 87). In our generation we cannot get through a research assignment without the use of the Internet, because we just want quick notes, and easy access to information. The Internet also changes the way we think, because online articles are very basic and broad information that is being given to us, so we do not take the time to actually judge the information that is being provided. Everything on the Internet has already been summarized, therefore leaving no space for the brain to actually perceive and analyze knowledge that is being provided to it. Although the Internet has made our lives so much easier, by providing us immediate results, it has a negative long-term effect by decreasing our level of intelligence. In conclusion, although technology is a great accomplishment for the human race, it has not completely improved our quality of life. We are definitely fast paced and effective, but technology has gone to far and it has been negatively affecting some important aspects of our daily lives. Technology has affected our quality of life. It causes isolation from our social life, it takes away too much time, and finally it has negatively affected the way we absorb and gain knowledge.

Future Of Television Essay -- essays research papers

The Future of Television Hello, and welcome to the wonderful world of time travel. Technology is a growing part of our society today, and it is going to be very important part of our future. I am going to show you what technology is doing for television from now, into the next century. Sit back, relax, and buckle up as we embark on our journey through time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To start off, HDTV(high definition television) is what we have to look forward to in the next three to five years. Now, you are probably asking yourself what is HDTV? HDTV is an all-digital TV broadcast signal that delivers high-resolution, wide-screen picture, and six channels of digital sound. Though computer experts and scientists are working on a more advanced 3D and polygraphic television, it is too far away to tell when it will be done, and how much it can do. As of now, twenty-six stations have filed their intentions to begin digital broadcasts. Digital television sets are on sale now, though the price is between five to ten thousand dollars. There is a converter box on sale as well that you hook up to your TV, and it changes the regular signal to digital to your TV screen you have at home now. That is approximately three to six thousand dollars. You are probably saying to yourself at this point, â€Å"Other than being more expensive, what am I getting out of a HDTV that I am not getting from the TV at home? To start with, as of now, we use 525 lines of resolution,(makes up the screen, with colors) where HDTV has anywhere from 720 to 1080 (Sobel 73). Next, is the difference between the picture screens. The HDTV has a width to height ratio of 16:9. The average TV now is 4:3. Other than getting a bigger screen with a great picture, you are getting digital sound. HDTV broadcasts will be encoded with Dolby Digital (AC-3) audio, featuring 6 separate audio tracks. Each track can be sent to a different speaker allowing detailing and realistic sound (Sobel 74).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, as the tour rolls on, we take a look to see what is in store for us in the near future. By November of 1999, the FCC is requiring that the top 30 markets (cities) join the digital broadcasts. By that time, the average price will drop dramatically(Zwirn interview). On average, the first HDTVs made will be between twenty-four to sixty-four inches. The fact is, the more markets that join di... ...l have the feel of reality. This is called hyper-reality (Zwirn interview).You can watch a whole three hundred and sixty degree shot of any program. This means you can watch a football game from any part of the field. Change the channel to channel 3 and you can watch David Letterman from the audience point of view, or Dave’s point of view. â€Å"Hyper-reality is going to be the most amazing, and breathtaking thing that you will ever see in your life†(Kirkus Barnes and Nobel). Just like HDTV, hyper reality will start off extremely expensive, though just be patient, and in no time you will have one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I know after that wonderful trip into the future, it is tough to come back to the somewhat boring present. Think about the next time you are watching TV, what it will look like digitally, or in hyper-reality. The way TV is going, it is going to change the way we think, live and learn. It is amazing how far we have come from the first TV, when critics said it turned you into a zombie. Well if TV back then turned you into a zombie, just think about the TV of tomorrow will do to you. The future is waiting at our doorstep, and it is our turn to let it into our lives.

The American Dream in Of Mice and Men

The Epic of America (ironically written in the asses), the American Dream Is â€Å"that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. † (Tortuous). In the 20th century, we have significantly warped that dream to slut a more selfish type of person. Colleens base the American Dream on something much more different then what it originally meant. Today, many Americans believe to achieve the American Dream means to be ICC and famous or have a successful business.People get caught up in this â€Å"American Dream†, that they forget the true meaning set by our Founding Fathers. Abraham Lincoln stated, â€Å"You can have anything you want – if you want it badly enough. You can be anything you want to be, do anything you set out to accomplish if you hold to that desire with singleness of purpose. â€Å", agreeing with Mr†¦ Tortuous. Despite this, society became so dis torted when discrimination played a role. Obviously, the Founding Father's didn't take the future's problems into consideration when making the Ideal dream for Americans.They were unaware of the hardships the discriminated would face, which made It hard to make the American dream more than Just a dream. In Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck shows the death of the American Dream and why It was unattainable by many. The sass's was considered one of the toughest times in the history of the United States. Americans felt hopeless, saddened, and depressed. After the Wall Street crashed, the economy became complete chaos and a great downfall after a already being in a steep hole, in result of the World War II.Close to 10 percent of the population were unemployed. The country soon became filled with Jobless citizens, wanderers, and migrant workers. Owning a house was becoming something that was very rarely heard of. During this time, we see how humans struggled to survive. Not having a roof ov er your head seems bad enough, but imagine sleeping hungry, night after night. All the success, hopes, and dreams were lost and went down the drain. As people continued to suffer daily, they're pursuit of happiness seemed farther and farther away from the grasp of their palm.However, this all has to do with the equal opportunity that everyone should have to fulfill this dream. Some could not achieve the American dream because of a disadvantage pertaining to that person. Because of this, the dream isn't fully obtainable to all of those who wish to fulfill it. The Land of Opportunity was well on its way to being the Land of Misfortune. In Of Mice and Men, to show ageism during this time, the author Includes Candy In his novella. Candy dreams to own his own piece of land.It Initially starts when Candy hears about George and Lien's dream to â€Å"live off the fate the contribute to the investment of the property. Describing the dream land to Candy, George says, â€Å"Expose they was a carnival or a circus come to town, or a ball game, or any damn thing. We'd Just go to her. We wouldn't ask nobody if we could. Jus' say, We'll go to her,' an' we would. Jus' milk the cow and sling some grain to the chickens an' go to her. † (Steinbeck, pig. 57). The idea of this land is their motivation to keep working hard, hoping to one day be able to own land. â€Å"You God damn tramp.You done it, didn't you? I spouse you're glad. Everybody endowed you'd mess things up. You wasn't no good. You anti no good now, you lousy tart. â€Å", Candy says viciously to the corpse (Steinbeck, pig. 95). Here, Candy's voice shakes from expressing his true feelings. He blames Curler's wife for ruining his dream since Lien's share of the money is gone. Candy told George and Leonie the possible dangers of Curler's wife, but Leonie Just didn't know any better. Steinbeck depicts how the aged could not attain this dream of having land and being pertinent to a society where everyone was equa l.Throughout the novella, Steinbeck depicts how the disabled could not fulfill their dream because they were discriminated against and treated differently. One would think that the mentally handicapped got special treatment, but that was not he case. During the Great Depression, everyone received equal treatment. Some were institutionalized. Other times, some couldn't stand in line for rations due to their liability, which left them hungry and helpless, since everyone else already had someone to care for, whether it was for themselves or for their family.In the story, Steinbeck uses Leonie to publicize that the mentally handicapped could also dream like the rest. Lien's dream is to own land, but for one thing only; to tend rabbits. â€Å"The hell with the rabbits. That's all you can ever remember is them rabbits. â€Å", George says as he explains the dream land to Leonie and all he hears out of it is the rabbits (Steinbeck, pig. 4-5). Even though Lien's dream is to tend rabbits, George also has a dream and Leonie slows the process down greatly. â€Å"God mighty, if I was alone I could live so easy.I could go get a Job an' work, an' no trouble. No mess at all. An' what I got. I got you! You can't keep a Job and you lose me ever' Job I get. Jus' keep me shoving' all over the country all the time. â€Å", George complains furiously (Steinbeck, pig. 11). After fleeing Weed (because of Leonie touching a girl's dress), he says if it isn't for him, his life would be so much better. Later in the story, Leonie kills Curler's wife by accident. â€Å"l done another bad thing†, Leonie tells George, Just as he is getting ready to kill Leonie.After George kills Leonie, Slim states, â€Å"You Haddam, George. I swear, yah Haddam. † (Steinbeck, pig. 107). This quote illustrates the hard choice that George had to make. Even if George had not killed Leonie, Curler would have, along with George's American Dream. Their goals because they issued less rights than men. To show this in the book, the author exploits Curler's wife. She states, â€Å"Everybody! An' what am I doing'? Standing' here talking' to a bunch of bindle stiffs†a Niger an' a dumb-dumb and a lousy 01†² sheep †an' liking' it because they anti nobody else. (Steinbeck, pig. 79). This quote demonstrates how Curler's wife's right were constricted; even more than the ranches. She can't even have fun or do anything without Curler, which goes to show why her name isn't even said. She Curler's belonging. However, before Curler, there was some hope in her life. â€Å"l tell you I anti used to living' like this. I could made something' of myself. Come there when I was a kid. Well, a show come through, an' I et one of the actors. He says I could go with that show. But my 01†² lady would' let me. She says because I was noon fifteen.But the guy says I could. If I'd went, I wouldn't be living' like this, you bet. † , she explains (Steinbeck, pig. 88). Curler's wife had a chance to become a star, but her mother ruined it. She killed her dream by keeping her from being in the pictures since she was too young. If it wasn't for her â€Å"01†² lady† she would've been living her dream. From beginning to end of the novella, John Steinbeck exudes how African Americans during this time also had an American Dream, but could not make it a laity because of segregation. Crooks was the only African American on the ranch.Therefore, he was separated and put in a bunk next to the horses. Crooks dream was to be accepted and for everyone to be equal. â€Å"l tell yah a guy gets too lonely an' he gets sick. â€Å", exclaims Crooks to Leonie to try and explain to him his loneliness. Steinbeck shows how Crooks has his dream snatched away from him through racism. Even though the reader may see that the American Dream for these characters is way beyond reach and Just an illusion, I don't think it's clear if they see that. However, when Crooks stat es, â€Å"Nobody ever gets to heaven, and nobody gets no land. It's Just in their head. , he is facing the harsh, bitter reality (Steinbeck, pig. 74). Crooks knows that such comfort and happiness are not to be formed in that ambiance. In Of Mice and Men, an American Dream was evident for all characters, but they were beyond the bounds of possibility because of their skin color, gender, disability, age, or even a friend. Everyone was getting treated the same and prejudices during this time. Very little Justice lingered in the air. In Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck splays the impossibility of the American Dream to the discovered, discriminated people of the asses.

External and Internal Environmental Analysis Paper Essay

The purpose of the paper is to scan, â€Å"the internal and external environmental factors of AT&T internet access technologies for the consumer market. It further identifies and discusses the AT&T’s core competencies and sources of competitive advantage. Lastly, AT&T’s business model and its impact on the organizational performance† (UOP, 2013). AT&T uses the most common tool (i.e. SWOT analysis) to analyze its progress in the market and identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and, threat. External environment analysis is important in determining the strategy that should be adopted by a business and internal environment analysis is critical to identify the core competencies of the business. External environment AT&T very well understands their competitors and external factors and hence, to better meet its customer needs, it formed the Broadband & Internet subsidiary. â€Å"The external environment consisting of all the conditions and forces that affect its strategic options and define its competitive situation† (Pearce & Robinson, 2013, p. 12). External environment can be broadly classified into three types: Remote, Industry and, Operating. 1. Remote environment consists of the forces like â€Å"economic, social, political, technological and ecological factors that originate beyond, and usually irrespective of, any single firm’s operating situation† (Pearce & Robinson, 2013, pg. 87). 2. Industry environment; â€Å"The general conditions for competition that influence all businesses that provide similar products and services† (Pearce, 2013, pg. 97). â€Å"Operating environment also called the competitive or task environment comprises factors in the competitive situation that affect a firm’s success in acquiring needed resources or in profitably marketing its goods and services† (Pearce, 2013). They also control a major portion of the Tier 1 backbone of the internet. Remote  Environment (RE): See more: how to write an analysis of a research paper With each environmental factor exerting its effect individually, the analysis in these three different kinds can be done separately. Some of the main remote environmental factor that affects AT&T are economic, political and technological factors. Economic factors affect because more and more consumers can afford excellent internet service in a good economy and, the number declines as the economy slows down. Political factors do affect the day to day functioning of the service and, regulation in the internet/ cable industry is very stringent. Any changes in the government policies/ regulations will directly or indirectly impact AT&T’s business and, consumers inflow. Technological factors also affect the company because there is always a need to adapt the latest technology in the industry. The ever changing technologies, apps, products and, services will alter consumer’s attitude and buying behavior. Industry Environment (IE): The IE factors that impact AT&T are buyer power, substitute availability and competitive rivalry. The internet users have increased dramatically in the recent years. Providing great service and technology requires a large investment, but when customer switches their internet carrier, it result in high loss (bad debt expense from this trend). While Time Warner and AT&T have attempted to combat, these losses by charging one month bill in advance. Though a huge amount was recovered before the customers were gone but didn’t guarantee, customer loyalty. New entries are always a threat, mainly if they provide services in rural areas, where AT&T is still trying to make a mark. Operating Environment (OE): The OE factors affecting AT&T are customers and creditors. With the slowed economy in the country, the â€Å"assessment of suppliers and creditors is critical to an accurate evaluation of a firm’s operating environment. Question like: Does the creditors fairly value and willingly accept the firm’s pricing strategy for the service AT&T provides? Do the creditors perceive the firm as having an acceptable record of past payment?† (Pearce, 2013, pg. 114). â€Å"Operational indicators, which measure performance in planning and implementing organizational strategies, are internal, and  external customer satisfaction, quality metrics, internal processes, internal innovation, and continuous improvement efforts tend to drive future financial performance† (Curtright, 2000). Internal analysis To analyze the internal environmental (IE) factors for AT&T, one will have to first identify the strength and weakness of the organization. AT&T is amongst the largest cable companies, serving every Fortune 1000 company, as well as neighborhood businesses around the country. â€Å"AT&T serves 17.8 million broadband customers, including wireline (DSL, U-verse High-Speed Internet and, Satellite) and wireless mobile broadband LaptopConnect subscribers† (att.com, 2015). AT&T’s services and competencies are well matched with their strength to meet the market needs. â€Å"The major internal environmental changes, or areas for change, that could be expected to impact AT&T include: Marketing: new product offerings, new technology and, market trends. Financial: ability to acquire other firms and, corporate resources, capital expenditure. Operations: network management and partner relationships. Personnel: key executive management positions.   Quality: integration of controls on projects, monitoring of quality, system modernization and, operational support systems. General Management: performance and strategic planning† (Delahunty.com, n.d.) The external environment factors that are being discussed cover most of the strengths of AT&T versus weaknesses. But addressing the ethical obligations and exceptions of the consumers will always help (Team’s feedback). Core Competencies and Resources â€Å"Core competence is a capability or skill that a firm emphasizes and excels in doing while in pursuit of its overall mission. Core competencies that differ from those found in competing firms would be considered distinctive competencies† (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). The basic resources include; tangible assets, intangible assets and,  organizational capabilities. Some of the tangible assets of AT&T are inventory, cash reserves. The financial resources and physical resources; property, plant and, equipment net. The assessed intangible assets at AT&T are its brand name, (Goodwill) reputation, trademarks, licenses, trade secrets and, copyright. All the resources available at AT&T are valuables, and they provide the customer needs better than other alternatives. The resources are scarce and drive a key portion of overall profit. This makes the service provided by AT&T sustainable over a long period, which help in making better strategic plan for the organization. Competitive position and possibilities â€Å"Distinctive competencies that are identified and nurtured throughout the firm, allowing it to execute effectively so as to provide products or services to customers that are superior to competitor’s offerings, become the basis for a lasting competitive advantage† (Pearce, 2013, pg. 164). AT&T stands strong and gives very tough competition in its current competitive position. â€Å"AT&T Government Solutions provides professional services so agencies can better serve their customers and meet mission object† (Pragmatics, 2007). AT&T’s pending acquisition of DIRECTV will give more customers more opportunities to enjoy their favorite movies, TV shows, music and, sports. â€Å"Final regulatory approval of the merger will enable the combined companies to deliver more content to customers across multiple screens – mobile devices, TVs, laptops, and the backseat displays of connected cars. It’s commitment to expand and enhance its deployment of high-speed Internet service to cover at least 15 million customer locations across 48 states – most of them in underserved rural areas† (att.com, 2015). Structure of the organization and how it affects organizational performance AT&T has departmentalization structure as seen â€Å"in the division of labor as well as the decentralized decision-making assigned to teams, it shows that the existing policies, rules and regulations are directory in nature.  Apparently, the chain of command in the business unit is rather limited to the team leaders and the Chief Operations Officer. Since the organizational structure is rather flat, the business faces the adverse attitude of the employees with reference to the change in the organization. This indicates that the informal structures of the organization tend to have a great influence on the actual behavior of the employees† (Management Paradise, 2011). Conclusion By focusing on the SWOT analysis (external and internal environmental factors), AT&T can identify its strengths, weaknesses, threats and, opportunities. This can help the company to improve its competitive position in the internet market that will in turn generate additional revenues. References AT&T. (2015). AT&T Company Information. Retrieved from http://www.att.com/gen/investor-relations?pid=5711 Coppola, J., Delahunty, S., & Keune, G. (n.d.). The Internet Connection War-AT&T Internet Services for Consumers, a Strategic Evaluation. Retrieved from http://www.delahunty.com/cv/paper_att.doc Curtright, J. W., Stolp-Smith, Steven. C., & Edell, E.S. (2000, January). Strategic performance management: Development of a performance measurement system at the Mayo Clinic. Journal of Healthcare Management, 45(1), 58. Management Paradise. (2011, February 2). Organizational Structure of AT&T. Retrieved from http://www.managementparadise.com/forums/human-resources-management-h-r/214644-organisational-structure-t.html Pearce, J.A. & Robinson, R. B. (2013). Strategic Management: Planning for Domestic and Global Competition (13th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. Pragmatics, Inc. (2007). AT&T Government Solutions. Retrieved from https://ites-2s.pragmatics.com/metadot/index.pl?op=show&iid=223 1 UOP. (2013). External and Internal Environmental Analysis Instructions. Retrieved from https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIRIS:48364100/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/df4da69c-3472-494d-952c-e99cc3619b2d/expanded/False/tab/Instructions

Cloudstreet essays

Cloudstreet essays Discuss the complex relationship between title and novel, with reference to one or more novels. Described as the wunderkind (wonder-boy) of Australian fiction, Tim Wintons reputation as one of Australias most important authors is firmly established. The title of his novel, Cloudstreet incorporates very succinctly the narratives major thematic concern, as it is evocative of higher realms. The imagery of the word cloud itself conjures a world beyond the terrestrial, beyond the here and now, and it is this metaphysical aspect of life that the reader is positioned to privilege. The title shares its name with that of the house that the Pickles and Lamb families live in, and because of this connection, the house obviously contains some supernatural qualities. The apparently all-knowing character Fish Lamb, is the novels narrative intelligence, who is also seen to be somehow elevated, on an ethereal plane. Thus, it is through the setting, characters, imagery and the narration, that are encompassed in the novel, that the reader is able to see the complex relationship that exists betwe en the title and the novel, Cloudstreet. The setting, and epicenter of the novels action, is the most obvious link between the title and the novel, the house, Number 1 Cloud Street. The house is depicted has having some supernatural qualities, as it breathes, wheezes, and cries. Enabling the reader to understand that the house being not only of bricks but a character within itself, personified. It is literally impossible for a house to breathe, and so such supernatural occurrences grab the readers attention. The personification of the house is also shown as we read about it rattling in a wild cacophony, which seems to reflect the vicissitudes of its inhabitants lives. Ted comments: That bloody house wont leave us alone, will it The detailed descript...

Strategic Choice and Evaluation - Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Candidate for the position of Chief of the Virtual Police Department Research Paper

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Stat Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Bill of Rights Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Medicalization for understanding shifting ideas about health and illness

Medicalization for understanding shifting ideas about health and illness Medicalization is term for the erroneous tendency by society-often perpetuated by health professionals to view effects of socioeconomic disadvantage as purely medical issues. It is the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as  medical conditions  and problems, and thus come under the authority of doctors and other  health professionals  to study,  diagnose,  prevent  or  treat. The process of medicalization can be driven by new evidence or theories about conditions, or by developments in social attitudes or economic considerations, or by the development of new purported  treatments. Medicalization is often claimed to bring benefits, but also costs, which may not always be clear. Medicalization is studied in terms of the role and power of  professions, patients and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life-decisions may depend on the prevailing concepts of  health  and  illness. Once a condition is classed as medical, a medical  tends to be used rather than a  social model. Medicalization may also be termed pathologization (from  pathology), or in some cases  disease mongering. The concept of medicalization has educated the sociology of health and illness for many years now. Typically, it has been deliberated and examined with critical nuance, though some key thinkers within the discipline have suggested that it is not unequivocally negative. Conrad criticised and disputed that the development and growth of medical authority into domains of everyday existence was promoted by doctors and was a force of social control that was to be rejected in the name of liberation (Conrad 1973). Medicalization describes a process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illness or disorders (Gabe et al. 2004:59) and likewise be simply classified as a procedure of increased medical intervention into areas which would more often than not be outside of the medical province. The term  medicalization  entered academic and medical publications in the 1970s, for example in the works of figures such as Peter Conrad  and  Thomas Szasz. They argued that the expansion of medical authority into domains of everyday existence was promoted by doctors and was a force of social control that was to be rejected in the name of  liberation. This critique was embodied in now-classic works such as Conrads The discovery of hyperkinesis: notes on medicalization of deviance, published in 1973 (hyperkinesis  was the term then used to describe what we might now call  ADHD). Medicalization explains a situation which had been previously explained in a moral, religious or social terms now become defined as the subject of medical and scientific knowledge. Many years ago for example some children were deemed and regarded as problematic, misbehaving and unruly. Some adults were shy and men who were balding just wore hats to hide it. And that was that. Nevertheless, nowadays all these descriptions could and possibly would be attributed to a type of illness or disease and be given a diagnosis or medicine to treat it in some cases. Medicalization explains this. Likewise, medicalization has been applied to a whole variety of problems that have come to be defined as medial, ranging from childbirth and the menopause through to alcoholism and homosexuality (Gabe et al. 2006: 59). Furthermore, the term explains the process in where particular characteristics of every day life become medically explained, thus come under the authority of doctors and other  health professionals to study,  diagnose,  prevent  and or  treat the problem. Originally, the concept of medicalisation was strongly associated with medical dominance, involving the extension of medicines jurisdiction over erstwhile normal life events and experiences. More recently, however, this view of a docile lay populace, in thrall to expansionist medicine, has been challenged. Thus, as we enter a post-modern era, with increased concerns over risk and a decline in the trust of expert authority, many sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of healthcare plays an active role in bringing about or resisting medicalisation. Such participation, however, can be problematic as healthcare consumers become increasingly aware of the risks and uncertainty surrounding many medical choices. The emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises questions about the notion of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medicalisation occurs. In this paper, we describe how the concept of m edicalisation is presented in the literature, outlining different accounts of agency that shape the process. We suggest that some earlier accounts of medicalisation over-emphasized the medical professions imperialistic tendencies and often underplayed the benefits of medicine. With consideration of the social context in which medicalisation, or its converse, arises, we argue that medicalisation is a much more complex, ambiguous, and contested process than the medicalisation thesis of the 1970s implied. In particular, as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a uni-dimensional, uniform process or as the result of medical dominance alone is clearly insufficient. Indeed, if, as Conrad and Schneider (1992) suggested, medicalisation was linked to the rise of rationalism and science (ie to modernity), and if we are experiencing the passing of modernity, we might expect to see a decrease in medicalisation. The idea of medicalization is perhaps related only indirectly to social constructionanism, in that it does not question the basis of medical knowledge as such, but challenges its application. Nettleton continues and states that is draws attention to the fact that medicine operates as a powerful institution of social control (Nettleton 2006: 25). It does this by claiming expertise in areas in life which previously were not regarded as medical problems or matters. This includes such life stages such as ageing, childbirth, alcohol consumption and childhood behaviour moreover, the availability of new pharmacological treatments and genetic testing intensifies these processesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ thus it constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems. (Conrad and Schneider 1990 as cited in Nettleton 2006: 25). Medicalization can occur on three different and particular levels according to Conrad and Schneider (1980). The first was explained as conceptually when a medical vocabulary is used to define a problem. In some instances, doctors do not have to be involved and an example if this is AA. The second was the institutional level, institutionally, when organizations adopt a medical approach to treating a problem in which they specialise and the third was at the level of doctor patient interaction when a problem is defined as a medical and medical treatment occurs (as cited in Gabe et al 2004:59). These examples all involve doctors and their treatments directly, not including alcoholism which has other figures to help people such as the AA. The third level was the interactional level and this was where the problem, social problem, becomes defined as medical and medicalization occurs as part of a doctor-patient interaction. Medicalization shows the shifting ideas about health and illness. Health and illness does not only include such things as influenza or the cold, but deviant behaviours. Deviant behaviours which were once merely described as criminal, immoral or naughty before have now been labelled with medical meanings. Conrad and Schneider five-staged sequential process of medicalizing deviant behaviour. Stage one involves the behaviour itself as being deviant. Chronic drunkenness was regarded merely as highly undesirable, before it was medically labelled as chronic drunkenness. The second stage occurs when the medical conception of a deviant behaviour is announced in a professional medical journey according to Conrad and Schneider. A prominent thinker in the idea of medicalization was Ivan Illich, who studied it profusely and was very influential, in fact being one of the earliest philosophers to use the term medicalization. Illichs appraisal of professional medicine and particularly his use of the term medicalization lead him to become very influential within the discipline and is quoted to have said that Modern medicine is a negation of health. It isnt organized to serve human health, but only itself, as an institution. It makes more people sick than it heals. Illich attributed medicalization to the increasing professionalization and bureaucratization of medical institutions associated with industrialization (Gabe et al 2004: 61). He supposed that due to the development of modern medicine, it created a reliance on medicine and doctors thus taking away peoples ability to look after themselves and engage in self care. In his book Limits to medicine: Medical nemesis (1975) Illich disputed that the medical profession in point of fact harms people in a process known as  iatrogenesis. This can be elucidated as when there is an increase in illness and social problems as a direct result of medical intervention. Illich saw this occurring on three levels. The first was the clinical iatrogenesis. These involved serious  side-effects  which were are often worse than the original condition. The negative effects of the clinical intervention outweighed the positive and it also conveyed the dangers of modern medicine. There were negative side effects of medicine and drugs, which included poisoning people. In addition, infections which could be caught in the hospital such as MRSA and errors caused my medical negligence. The second level was the social iatrogenesis whereby the general public is made submissive and reliant on the medical profession to help them cope with their life in society. Furthermore all suffering is hospitalised and medicine undermines health indirectly because of its impact on social organisation of society. In the process people cease to give birth, for example, be sick or die at home And the third level is cultural iatrogenesis, which can also be referred to as the structural. This is where life processes such as aging and dying become medicalized which in the process creates a society which is not able to deal with natural life process thus becoming a culture of dependence. Moreover, people are dispossessed of their ability to cope with pain or bereavement for example as people rely on medicine and professionals. (Illick 1975) Sociologists such as Ehrenreich and English had argued that womens bodies were being medicalized.  Menstruation  and  pregnancy  had come to be seen as medical problems requiring interventions such as  hysterectomies. Nettleton furthered this notion and discussed this in relation to childbirth. The Medicalization of childbirth is as a result of professional dominance. She stated that the control of pregnancy and childbirth has been taken over by a predominantly male medical profession. Medicine can thus be regarded as patriarchal and exercising an undue social control over womens lives. From conception to the birth of the baby, the women are closely monitored thus medical monitoring and intervention in pregnancy childbirth are now routine processes. Childbirth is classified as a medical problem therefore it becomes conceptualized in terms of clinical safety, and women are encouraged to have their babies in hospitals. This consequently results in women being dependent on medical care. Nevertheless recent studies and evidence have shown that it may actually be safer to have babies at home because there would have been less susceptible to infection and technocological interference (Oakley 1884, as cited in Nettleton 2006: 26) Medicalization combines phenomenological and Marxist approaches of health and illnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in that it considers definitions of illness to be products of social interactions or negotiations which are inherently unequal (Nettleton 2006: 26). Marxism discussed medicalization and linked it with oppression, arguing that medicine can disguise the underlying causes of disease which include poverty and social inequality. In the process they see health as an individual problem, rather than a societys problem. Medicalization is studied in terms of the role and power of  professions, patients and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life-decisions may depend on the prevailing concepts of  health and  illness. Once a condition is classed as medical, a  medical model of disability  tends to be used rather than a  social model. It constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems (Nettleton 2006: 26). Medicalization has been referred to as the processes by which social phenomena come to be perceived and treated as illnesses. It is the process in by issues and experiences that have previously been accounted for in religious, moral, or social contexts then become defined as the subject of scientific medical knowledge. The idea itself questions the belief that physical conditions themselves constitute an illness. It argues that the classification and identification of diseases is socially constructed and. It has been suggested that medicine is seen as being instilled with subjective assumptions of the society in which it developed. Moreover, it argues that the classification and identification of diseases is socially constructed and, along with the rest of science, is far from achieving the ideals of objectivity and neutrality. The medical thesis has much to recommendà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦including the creation of new understanding of the social processes involved in the development and response to medical diagnosis and treatment To understand the level of social power that the medical community exercises through medicalization, Conrad explains that physicians have medicalized social deviance. They accomplish this by claiming the medical basis of matters such as hyperactivity, madness, alcoholism and compulsive gambling [Conrad, p 107]. By  medicalizing  social matters, medical professionals have the power to legitimize negative social behavior, such as the case of suspected killers in judicial courts who claim temporary insanity and are, therefore, exonerated on medical basis [Conrad, p 111]. In extending this concept, the Endocrine Society may have medicalized social deviance in men who reduce their work motivation or become characteristically unpleasant because they are experiencing andropause. In effect, despondency in older men might become an indicator of male menopause rather than a possible indicator of social deviance. Physicians also play a direct and significant role in the medicalization of social experiences. In analyzing the doctor-patient interaction of medicalization, Kaw argues that medical professionals have medicalized racial features by encouraging cosmetic surgery among Asian American women, for example, in order to avoid the stereotypical physical features of small and slanty eyes that are often associated with passivity, dullness and lack of sociability [Kaw, p 75]. Kaw asserts that plastic surgeons use medical terms to problematize the shape of their eyes so as to define it as a medical condition [Kaw, p 81]. Their use of technical terms and expressions should be questioned, especially since the power of such language influences Asian American women to pursue cosmetic surgery, when it is not necessary [Kaw, p 82]. Analogously, the Endocrine Society medicalized testosterone deficiency by defining it as Andropause; this helped perpetuate the notion, among older individuals, that if the y lack sexual drive or sense depression and fatigue, they should seek medical attention because they are experiencing an acute medical condition rather than a stage in the physiological cycle. The role played by the health care structures in medicalizing conditions is enhanced by that of the pharmaceutical industry. In order to achieve implementation of a drug in the market, the medicalization of a problem is critical [Conrad, p 111]. Once a medical definition for male menopause was established, the pharmaceutical company further medicalized the problem by launching strong advertisement campaigns aimed at older men and physicians alike, so as to popularize the drug among the general public and medical community [Groopman, 2002]. In a  Time  magazine advertisement, the industry appealed to the emotions of older men by linking low sex drive to the decline of testosterone levels rather than to a life process [Groopman 2002]. In this manner, the pharmaceutical industries profit based ideology facilitates the medicalization of testosterone deficiency by popularizing conditions that may be exceedingly common among health product consumers. Medicalization also changes patients ideologies of biomedicine and leads them to believe that biomedicine must not only offer cure for illnesses, but also offer life enhancements. Similar to the way that impotence and hair loss was medicalized by promoting drugs like Viagra to enhance sexual performance, and solutions like Rogaine for hair re-growth, male menopause has been medicalized because it causes low sex drive among other general symptoms [Groopman, 2002]. As a consequence, older men will opt to not only seek but demand life enhancements achievable through medicine disregarding the fact that such treatments can be detrimental to health. In fact, Groopman states that known side effect of testosterone therapy include abnormal enlargement of the breasts, testicular shrinkage, congestive heart failure and enlargement of the prostate gland [Groopman, 2002]. Medicalizing a problem can be harmful and deadly, yet medical professionals perpetuate this dangerous behavior by medicalizing conditions that patients may seek to treat for their personal wellbeing It is important to realize that medicalization is not merely the result of medical imperialism but rather the interactive process that involves society and the health community; [Conrad, p 115]. It includes patients and doctors alike. Nonetheless, awareness of the mechanisms by which the medical community affects society is important because medicine pertains to all health consumers. Male menopause only serves as one of the many examples of life experiences that have become medicalized by the healthcare community. Concluding this essay, the concept of medicalization started with the medical dominance which involved the increase of medicines influence and labelling over things regarded as normal life events and experiences. However in recent time, this view of a submissive lay populace, in thrall to expansionist medicine, has been challenged. As a consequence, as we enter a post-modern era, with increased concerns over risk and a decline in the trust of expert authority, many sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of healthcare plays an active role in bringing about or resisting medicalization. Furthermore Such participationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦can be problematic as healthcare consumers become increasingly aware of the risks and uncertainty surrounding many medical choices. Moreover the emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises questions about the notion of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medical isation occurs (Ballard and Elston 2005). In addition they suggest that as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a uni-dimensional or as the result of medical dominance primarily is insufficient.